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【书名】Abnormal Formation Pressures
【作者】 Fertl
【语言】英语
【出版社】ELSEVIER SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING COMPANY
【格式】PDF
【页数】401
【附件大小】6.07M
【附件个数】1
【附件】
02. Fertl - Abnormal Formation Pressures.pdf
(6.08 MB, 下载次数: 156, 售价: 10 阳光币)
【封面】
【前言】
The present book by Dr. Walter Fertl represents the first modern
collection and comprehensive review of laboratory studies, combined with
extensive field observations, dealing with the vast sv.bject area related to the
origin, detection, and quantitative evaluation of abnormal formation pres-
sures and their profound technical and managerial decision-making impact
on exploration, drilling, production, and reservoir engineering concepts.
Location, detection, and magnitude of abnormal formation pressures is
critical to the oil industry’s quest to probe new and remote areas and to test
the potential of ever-deeper targets in today’s enhanced search for oil and gas
resources.
The author, who ranks among the world’s leading experts in this subject
field, has synthesized both published and unpublished data, and at the same
time has incorporated a wealth of his own personal experiences, which are
based on both worldwide field observations and laboratory data.
The manuscript is well organized and documented and provides an excel-
lent, in-depth treatment of obvious value to both the newcomer and the
expert. As such, the volume should serve as a valuable text and source book
for both industrial and academic circles, including geologists, engineers,
teachers, and students alike. It also provides a basis for stimulation of
thought and it points out numerous opportunities for future research in a
variety of fields. The information presented in this splendid text gives an
excellent, clear, and up-to-date discussion of this rapidly developing subject
matter, which has been previously unorganized and scattered throughout the
literature in earth sciences and/or petroleum engineering journals.
The initial chapter presents a well-organized introduction to the large
variety of possible modes and causes of abnormal formation pressure
environments in the subsurface, and simultaneously establishes the basic
parameters of these in-situ pressure conditions with precise and intelligent
descriptions and definitions. At the same time Chapter 1 also provides a brief
but rather comprehensive historical review of the subject.
This is followed in Chapter 2 by a condensed look at the compaction of
argillaceous sediments. Pertinent information is presented in a simple
manner, and incorporates mathematical developments of compaction
models, a treatise of stresses in sediments, and basic concepts of fluid flow
through porous media. Furthermore, the importance and inherent com-
plexity of the chemistry of interstitial fluids and the behavior of these solu-
tions during compaction is highlighted and thoroughly treated on the basis
of theoretical concepts, experimental data, and actual field observations.
The next three chapters focus on qualitative detection and quantitative X PREFACE
evaluation of abnormal formation pressure environments, which are
frequently encountered by the drill bit in the subsurface. This section of the
book pragmatically reflects the author’s outstanding expertise at its best.
Chapter 3 concentrates on the application of geophysical data, particularly
from seismic methods, to pinpoint formation tops, and, under specific
circumstances, also predict the presence, depth, and magnitude or abnormal
formation pressures prior to spudding a well. Besides an introduction to the
basic concepts, the author has presented comparative data on predicted and
actually encountered overpressures for several deep wells in the United
States of America and other countries.
In Chapter 4, the author discusses a large variety of drilling indicators,
which are currently being utilized by the oil industry to evaluate downhole
pressure conditions while drilling a well. These techniques, many of which
are used daily in every corner of the world, include several drilling param-
eters (including logging-whiledrilling concepts) and a large number of drill-
ing mud and shale cutting parameters. Besides the multitude of conventional
overpressure evaluation techniques, several interesting novel detection
methods, which were developed by the author, are candidly discussed and
illustrated in the light of field and laboratory data.
Chapter 5 takes an authoritative look at some of the best qualitative and
quantitative pressure detection and evaluation techniques, which are based
on various wirelinelogging methods. Here, the author reviews basic tool
responses, theoretical considerations and shows the recommended mathe-
matical analyses of specific formation parameters using selected field cases.
An important part of this chapter, and surely a highlight to the operational
personnel in the oil industry, deals with the limitations and possible pitfalls
in applying these techniques. Application of these methods is not always
simple and straightforward, and complications may often arise due to
unrecognized logging sonde problems, severe borehole conditions, and
unusual formation characteristics. The author summarizes this splendid
discussion with the conclusion that even though these methods are after-the-
fact techniques, i.e. the wellbore has to be drilled prior to logging, interpreta-
tion of well logs represents one of the best methods to detect and
realistically evaluate abnormal formation pressures.
Having thus established means to detect and evaluate overpressures, the
author moves on to Chapter 6 where he discusses the impact of such hostile
downhole environments on drilling and completion concepts. This chapter
provides the right blend of fundamental introduction and a “how-to-do-it”
review of basic concepts, such as the pore pressure and fracture pressure
relationship, and the prediction methods available for fracture pressure
gradients in conventional and deep-water offshore drilling operations. The
author tops off this discussion with a look at typical casing programs in
several problem areas of known overpressures, and also comments on
cementing operations and other specific completion and production con-
siderations. Very appropriately this chapter closes with some pertinent PREFACE XI
thoughts and information on contingency planning for drilling and produc-
ing high-pressure sour-gas-bearing formations and an interesting treatise on
relief-well planning.
Present-day reservoir engineering concepts in overpressured reservoir rocks
are profusely illustrated in Chapter 7. This includes a look at shale water
influx, rock compressibility and failure, peripheral water influx, and predic-
tions in overpressured depletion-type gas reservoirs.
Geologists and management will find Chapter 8 a bonanza for stimulating
thoughts, supported by a multitude of field data, which relate to appraisal of
hydrocarbon distribution in the subsurface and related economic factors in
both normal- and overpressured environments. Starting with a look at hydro-
carbon accumulation and distribution as a function of depth and in-situ
temperature and pressure conditions, the author leads up to the shale
resistivity ratio method. Today, the importance of the latter method to
managerial decision-making, both in exploration and drilling activities, is well
established. The concept is used by the petroleum industry in many areas as
a supplementary completion guide and is a decisive factor in “dry-hole”
money negotiations between companies. The author eloquently supports the
shale resistivity ratio concept with selected field case studies from Texas,
Louisiana, and California. The impact of this concept is highlighted by the
discussion of its value in combination with the analysis of conventional data
obtained from various sources, such as mud logs, digital well-log analysis, and
subsequent well tests in a specific wildcat prospect.
In the final Chapter 9, we are brought up-to-date on the worldwide
occurrence and evaluation of abnormal formation pressures, as they have
been so far encountered by the oil industry while drilling deep wells and
wildcatting in remote areas spanning the globe.
All chapters are well written, extensively referenced, and supported by a
multitude of excellent illustrations and useful nomographs. The book
provides fascinating perspectives on the interrelation of many, equally
important technical areas and concepts, and their superimposed impact on
today’s enhanced quest to find and exploit additional reserves of the earth’s
valuable hydrocarbon resources.
The author has done a marvellous job in selecting the highlights from a
vast amount of literature and blending them with his own research findings
and field observations. The splendid result is this first book, and without
any doubt the future classic reference, written on the subject. As such, this
book is essential and highly recommended to exploration and engineering
personnel in the oil industry and petroleum-related governmental agencies,
and industrial scientists, teachers, and students alike.
GEORGE V. CHILINGARIAN
Professor
of Petroleum Engineering, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,
U.S. A.
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