油藏工程引论【I】

凝雨云

1. The condition under which crude petroleum and natural gas occur in nature have been outlined in earlier chapters together with a discussion of the methods used in finding the various local accumulations or reservoirs. 原油和天然气在自然界出现的条件已在前面各章中概述，同时还讨论了用于寻找油和气的各种局部积聚或储藏的方法，Normally, absolute proof of the presence of hydrocarbons can only be obtained by drilling wells, which also provide the only outlet, and practically the whole of the current petroleum production is derived in this way. 认真地说，烃存在的绝对证实只能是靠钻井来得到，钻井还提供了烃的唯一通道，实际上目前的石油生产全部都是像这样来做的。

　　2. Ultimately the world's commercial hydrocarbon reserves will be greatly increased by the mining of tar sands andthe distillation of oil shales; 依靠开采沥青砂和提炼油页岩，世界的商用烃的储量将会有很大的增加：the first commercial-scale plant exploiting the Athabasca tar sands of Northern Alberta is in fact now in operation, and the production of shale oil on a modest scale has a long history in various countries. 事实上第一个以商业规模开发北阿尔伯达省阿萨巴斯卡沥青砂的工厂现在仍在运转，中等规模的页岩油生产，在许多国家中都有很长的历史了。However, at present these methods are only of limited significance and no more than brief reference will be madeto them in this chapter.但就目前而言，这些方面的意义有限，因而本章只限于简略地提及它们。

　　3. The problems arising in the course of production from the conventional type of field are broadly speaking of two kinds. 常规型油田的生产过程中所出现的问题大致地说有两类。First, there are the mechanical difficulties involved in the drilling of wells to obtain access to the producing formation and in lifting the oil to surface; 首先是机械困难，它是与钻井以达到产油构造以及把油提取到地表上来有关系的：so far as these are concerned, the practical methods available are not dissimilar in principle to those used in the production of underground water, though there are many complications in detail due to generally greater depth and higher pressure. 仅就这方面来说，其实际使用的方法和开采地下水的方法在原理上并无不同，当然还是有些细节的复杂之处的，这一般的是由于深度较大和压力较高。

　　4. Secondly, various specific and important problem arise from the fact that oil is always intimately associated with gas and water, and at the same time the amount in any particular reservoir is limited. 其次，许多特别而又困难的问题是由于油总是同气和水密切相关而引起的，Removal of oil leads necessarily to a reduction in pressure and a redistribution of the reservoir fluids; 同时，它也是由于任何特定储层中的问题是有限的，石油的提取必然会造成压力的下降和储层流体的再分布；in consequence, the practicable rate of production declines with time until continued operation becomes unprofitable, even though only a fraction of the oil originally in place has been recovered. 其结果是实际的生产率随时间而下降，直到继续运转变得无利可图，尽管原处的石油还只是开采了一部分。The recovery actually achieved from a given reservoir is dependent partly on the natural conditions and partly on the design and control of the producing operation. 从一给定油藏中得到的实际开采量，部分地依赖于自然条件，同时也部分地依赖于生产操作的设计和控制。

　　5. A considerable effort to achieve a high percentage extraction of oil is commonly justified by the very large capital expenditure involved in the discovery and development of a new field, but refinements in operating techniques can be expensive and beyond a certain point yield diminishing returns. 发现并开发一个新油田所需的巨大的基本建设费用，证明适当地努力去获取石油的一个高的采收比是需要的，但是超出一定限度又会导致降低回报。Hencethere is no unique value for the producible reserves of a particular field; 因此，对一特定油田，其可采储量并没有一个单一的值。the amount of oil obtained in practice is dependent on a complicated balance of technical and economic factors. 实际上可得到原油数量依赖于技术与经济因素之间的一个复杂的平衡。

　　6. Some oil can always be extracted by random drilling and rule of thumb methods of production, and where natural conditions are favourable the percentage recovery by such methods may be fairly high. 靠随机地钻井和全凭经验的采油方法也总是可产出一些油来的，在自然条件有利的地方，用这种方法得到的采收率还可能相当的高。Ingeneral, however, the achievement of optimum results requires that development and operating programs should be based on a knowledge of the reservoir characteristics, not merely in its initial state of equilibrium but also under the continually changing conditions brought about by the removal of oil and gas. 但是，一般而言，最优化结果的获得是，发展和操作程序应当建立在对油藏特性的认识基础之上，而且不仅是对处始平衡状态的认识，还包括由于油和气的提取而造成的连续变化条件下油藏特性的认识。

　　7. Unfortunately there are great difficulties involved in either a theoretical or an experimental approach to this study, and it is only in comparatively recent years that significant progress has been made and the science of `reservoir engineering' has come of age. 不幸的是，不论是从理论上还是从实验上致力于这项研究，其中都存在着巨大的困难，仅仅是学相对地晚近的几年才得到一些有意义的进展，"油藏工程"这门科学才成长起来。

凝雨云

沙发嘿嘿

chutianshu

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