COMPOSITION, ENVIRONMENTAL FATES OF WATER BASED DRILLING

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COMPOSITION, ENVIRONMENTAL FATES, AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF WATER BASED DRILLING.pdf (1.56 MB, 下载次数: 3, 售价: 4 阳光币)

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Table of Contents

ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................i

1.0 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1

1.1 Offshore Exploration and Development.............................................................................1

1.2 Definitions of Water Based Drilling Muds and Cuttings....................................................1

1.3 Functions of Water Based Drilling Muds...........................................................................3

1.4 Objectives of Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography...........................................3

1.5 Topics of the Review..........................................................................................................3

2.0 COMPOSITION OF WATER BASED DRILLING MUDS (WBM) AND DRILL CUTTINGS....................................................................................................................................5

2.1 Drilling Muds Used Offshore in the U.S. and Abroad........................................................5

2.2 Water Based Drilling Muds (WBM)...................................................................................5

2.2.1 Weighting Materials..............................................................................................8

2.2.2 Viscosifiers............................................................................................................9

2.2.3 Thinners and Dispersants.....................................................................................10

2.2.4 Other Drilling Mud Additives..............................................................................11

2.2.5 Metals..................................................................................................................12

2.3 Oil Based Drilling Muds (OBM) and Synthetic Based Drilling Muds (SBM).................14

2.3.1 Oil Based Drilling Muds......................................................................................14

2.3.2 Synthetic Based Drilling Muds............................................................................14

2.4 Drill Cuttings....................................................................................................................15

2.4.1 Mineralogy of Cuttings........................................................................................15

2.4.2 Mud/Cuttings Separation.....................................................................................16

2.4.3 Chemical Composition of Drill Cuttings.............................................................17

3.0 Fates of WBM and Cuttings Discharged To the Ocean.................................................................19

3.1 Regulation of Drilling Discharges....................................................................................19

3.2 WBM and Cuttings Discharge Practices...........................................................................22

3.3 Drilling Mud and Cuttings Dispersion..............................................................................23

3.4 Accumulation of WBM and Cuttings Solids in Sediments...............................................25

3.5 Accumulation of Chemicals from WBM and Cuttings in Sediments Near Offshore Platforms..........................................................................................................................27

3.5.1 Petroleum Hydrocarbons.....................................................................................27

3.5.2 Metals..................................................................................................................28

3.5.3 Solubility of Barite...............................................................................................31

3.5.4 Fate of Mercury in Barite.....................................................................................32

4.0 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF WBM AND CUTTINGS IN THE OCEAN.................................35

4.1 Bioavailability of Drilling Mud and Cuttings Ingredients to Marine Organisms.............35

4.1.1 Forms Metals in WBM and Cuttings Accumulations in Marine Sediments........35

4.1.2 Bioavailability of metals from WBM and cuttings accumulations in sediments.37

4.1.3 Bioavailability of Organic Ingredients (Mainly Hydrocarbons) from WBM......39

4.2 Toxicity of Water Based Drilling Muds to Marine Organisms........................................40

4.2.1 Drilling Mud Ingredients.....................................................................................40

4.2.2 Acute Toxicity of Whole WBM..........................................................................44

4.2.3 Causes of WBM Toxicity....................................................................................45

4.2.4 Chronic and Sublethal Effects of WBM..............................................................46

5.0 FIELD STUDIES..........................................................................................................................49

6.0 REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................57

7.0 APPENDICIES.............................................................................................................................71

7.1 Glossary of Acronyms and Abreviations Used in Review...............................................71

7.2 Names of journals cited....................................................................................................72

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