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本帖最后由 Joseph 于 2016-4-21 16:38 编辑
CargoCult.pdf
(1.21 MB, 下载次数: 18)
Cargo Cult Science在中文语境中翻译作“草包族科学”。这篇演讲稿也被费曼引到他的传记《别闹了,费曼先生》(“Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman")中。所以如果你真的感兴趣可以去买一本他的传记的译本,就能读到中文版本。
我们这些做着与科学紧密相关联工作的人或者系统学习这类知识的人也当谨记费曼先生的话:
The first principle is that you must not fool yourself—and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you’ve not fooled yourself, it’s easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that.
I would like to add something that’s not essential to the science, but something I kind of believe, which is that you should not fool the layman when you’re talking as a scientist. I am not trying to tell you what to do about cheating on your wife, or fooling your girlfriend, or something like that, when you’re not trying to be a scientist, but just trying to be an ordinary human being. We’ll leave those problems up to you and your rabbi. I’m talking about a specific, extra type of integrity that is not lying, but bending over backwards to show how you’re maybe wrong, that you ought to have when acting as a scientist. And this is our responsibility as scientists, certainly to other scientists, and I think to laymen.
大意是说:
首要原则是绝不要自欺——而且你自己永远是最容易被欺骗的。你要十分小心自欺。只要你不自欺,你就不会那么容易去欺骗别的科学工作者。你只要如同遵循常规一样执行这一条就好。
科学上我想要再加一点不重要的、但我个人相信的原则,就是以科学工作者身份讲话的时候也不要欺骗外行。我并非要你(在日常生活中)不作为一个科学工作者身份而只是一个普通人的时候不去欺骗你妻子、你女友或者类似的其他人。我们把此类欺骗行为留给你自己和你的拉比去处理好了。我是说当你作为一个科学工作者的时候,一个特别的、极度的诚信,不仅仅不说谎,还要反复展示你是如何会有可能是错误的,这才是你应当去做的。而且,这是作为科学工作者的责任,当然对其他科学工作者如此,我也认为对外行也要如此。
在稍前一段,费曼特意解释了什么叫做不欺人与不自欺:
For example, if you’re doing an experiment, you should report everything that you think might make it invalid—not only what you think is right about it: other causes that could possibly explain your results; and things you thought of that you’ve eliminated by some other experiment, and how they worked—to make sure the other fellow can tell they have been eliminated.
Details that could throw doubt on your interpretation must be given, if you know them. You must do the best you can—if you know anything at all wrong, or possibly wrong—to explain it. If you make a theory, for example, and advertise it, or put it out, then you must also put down all the facts that disagree with it, as well as those that agree with it. There is also a more subtle problem. When you have put a lot of ideas together to make an elaborate theory, you want to make sure, when explaining what it fits, that those things it fits are not just the things that gave you the idea for the theory; but that the finished theory makes something else come out right, in addition.
In summary, the idea is to try to give all of the information to help others to judge the value of your contribution; not just the information that leads to judgment in one particular direction or another.
大意是说:
举个例子你做实验,你要报告所有你想到的导致实验不成立的情况——而不是仅仅报告那些你觉得是正确的那一个实验:其它实验也可能解释你的结果;而一些其它实验被你排除掉的情况,而且(实验中)它们是如何作用的——要确认其他人能理解这些情况因为什么才被排除掉。
只要你知道,可能导致你的解释出现歧义的细节都要罗列。你必须竭尽全力——如果你知道任何结论是错的或者可能是错的——都要解释清楚。再举例子来说,如果你构建一个理论,宣传这个理论或者公布这个理论,你必须同时给出所有与你的理论不一致的事实。这里有一个更微妙的问题。当你把很多想法综合起来形成一个精心设计的理论的时候,你希望它在其适用范围是能确认,但要举出事实并非是促使你构想该理论的那些思想;还要包括那些导致其它理论成立的想法。
总之,有个想法是极力要给其他人全部的信息来帮助他们去判断你所贡献的价值所在;而不是仅仅提供一些信息来引领着大家向某个特定方向去判断或者刻意回避掉这个特定方向的判断。
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